The Argentina international was forced off at the break after sustaining the issue in the first half following a collision with striker Nicolas Jackson at Stamford Bridge.
Martinez will now be assessed with Villa boss Unai Emery hoping for good news ahead of Wednesday’s home match against Brentford.
Asked about the injury after the game the Villa boss replied: “I don’t know now what exactly is the injury. It is in his hand but we have to check him.”
Villa will head into Wednesday’s match aiming to end a winless run which extended to eight matches with defeat in west London.
Jackson opened the scoring inside seven minutes when he converted a deflected Marc Cucurella cross and Enzo Fernandez eventually extended the advantage after an out-of-sorts Martinez had almost gifted the hosts a two further goals.
Though Villa battled in the second half, Cole Palmer eventually put the result beyond doubt when he curled home late on.
Villa have now taken just two points from their last five Premier League matches and have fallen to 12th in the table.
“We are thinking about this match on Wednesday and trying to cut this spell of bad results,” said Emery.