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Promoting urban biodiversity for the benefit of people and nature

Abstract

In an increasingly urbanized world, urban biodiversity is people’s primary contact with nature. However, as cities expand and densify, urban green and blue spaces and their biodiversity are under pressure, risking declines in urban liveability. This Review discusses the benefits of urban biodiversity and the multiple challenges it faces, and identifies opportunities and pathways towards developing sustainable, biodiverse cities for both humans and nature. The substantial biological richness that urban areas can harbour helps to mitigate environmental pressures, address and adapt to climate change, and benefits human health and well-being. However, urban biodiversity is challenged by competition for space, human pressures and the declining engagement of urban residents with nature. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of both the benefits and challenges of urban biodiversity informs efforts to create and maintain high-quality urban blue–green infrastructure. Biodiversity-sensitive and socially inclusive urban governance and urban planning are key to developing biodiverse, green cities. Urban policies should move towards cross-sectional approaches that coordinate planning for biodiversity and green spaces with sectors such as health, education, urban planning and design. Developing cities as shared environments for humans and nature contributes to global biodiversity conservation and offers solutions to the social and environmental challenges increasingly faced by cities.

Key points

Although urban growth threatens biodiversity, urban areas can also contribute to biodiversity conservation.

International policies aim to relieve the pressures that urban densification and expansion exert on green and blue spaces and their biodiversity.

Promoting urban biodiversity supports climate-change mitigation and adaptation, enhances human health and well-being, and enables the engagement of people with nature.

Implementing urban blue–green infrastructure is crucial for enhancing biodiversity, ecosystem services and environmental justice in cities.

Biodiversity-sensitive design and management combined with inclusive governance are essential to developing cities as shared spaces for both humans and nature.

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Fig. 1: Urban biodiversity.

Fig. 2: Benefits of, and challenges to, urban biodiversity.

Fig. 3: Blue–green urban infrastructure to enhance biodiversity.

Fig. 4: Multifunctionality of urban green spaces, such as community gardens, public parks and streetscapes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Ingo Kowarik

Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Leonie K. Fischer

Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Berlin, Germany

Dagmar Haase

Physical Geography and Landscape Ecology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Nadja Kabisch

Institute of Environmental Planning, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Fritz Kleinschroth & Christina von Haaren

Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Fritz Kleinschroth

Nature Based Solutions Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands

Cecil Konijnendijk

Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Tanja M. Straka

Authors

Ingo Kowarik

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