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Genomic basis of non-human-primate diversity and adaptation

Abstract

The order Primates includes more than 500 extant species highly variable in body and brain size, activity and locomotor patterns, diet, habitat and social system. A deeper understanding of the nature and evolutionary origins of this diversity has several benefits, such as a more complete comprehension of mammalian evolution, valuable insight for primate conservation as well as an improved understanding of the development and origin of the unique human phenotype. The number of non-human-primate species for which high-quality reference genomes and re-sequencing data from multiple individuals are available has increased substantially since 2014, enabling comprehensive genome-wide and population-level genomic analyses across different primate species. In this Review, we provide an overview of knowledge regarding genetic diversity and the genetics of adaptive evolution across this order. We describe specific examples of putative genetic mechanisms underlying anatomical and physiological changes and adaptations to particular environmental challenges. We identify key future directions for the field, including the need for additional reference genomes and functional assays, and expanded analysis of genome structure, transcriptomics and epigenetics. We highlight the importance of investigating understudied primate clades, and discuss how insights from genomic research can contribute to primate conservation.

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Fig. 1: Time-calibrated phylogeny of extant primates.

Fig. 2: Identifying a genomic change and verifying its effect.

Fig. 3: Three evolutionary scenarios of hybridization in non-human primates.

Fig. 4: Genomic basis of non-human-primate diversity and adaptation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) (RO 3055/2-2 and RO 3055/7-1) and Sino-German Mobility Programme (M-0084) (to C.R.), the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the government of India (to S.M. and G.U.), grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (31925006, 32260133 and 32370453), the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Project at Southwest United Graduate School (202302A0370005), the Xingdian Talent Fund Project of Yunnan Province (202305AB350001) (to L.Y.), the NSFC (32170422 to Z.L. and 32300408 to J.Q.), National Key Research and Development Projects of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2023YFC3304000), and the Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (2023IOZ0104) (to X.Z.), the NSFC (31821001) and the Sino-German Mobility Programme (M-0084) (to M.L.), the CAS Youth Innovation Promotion Association (2023404), the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan province (202305AC160031), Yunnan province (202305AH340006) and Yunnan Applied Basic Research Projects (202101AT070300) (to Y.S.), the CAS Light of West China programme (xbzg-zdsys-202213) (to D.W.), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (864203), PID2021-126004NB-100 (MICIIN/FEDER, UE), “Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu”, funded by the AEI (CEX2018-000792-M), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) 1R01HG010898-01A1 and Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Programme del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2021 SGR 00177) (to T.M.-B.) and the NIH (NIH-P51-OD011106) (to J.R.).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany

Christian Roos

Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany

Christian Roos, Lakshmi Seshadri & Liye Zhang

International Max Planck Research School for Genome Science (IMPRS-GS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Lakshmi Seshadri & Liye Zhang

CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Liye Zhang, Pingfen Zhu, Jiwei Qi, Xuming Zhou & Ming Li

Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

R. Alan Harris, Muthuswamy Raveendran & Jeffrey Rogers

Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

Sebastien H. Cuadros Espinoza & Tomas Marques-Bonet

Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA

Lukas F. K. Kuderna & Kyle K.-H. Farh

Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India

Shivakumara Manu & Govindhaswamy Umapathy

Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India

Shivakumara Manu & Govindhaswamy Umapathy

School of Science, Engineering and the Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK

Jean P. Boubli

State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China

Hong Wu, Weimin Kuang & Li Yu

Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, China

Li Yu

College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China

Xiaoyu Zhao & Zhijin Liu

Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

Yong Shao & Dongdong Wu

CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain

Tomas Marques-Bonet

Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Tomas Marques-Bonet

Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

Tomas Marques-Bonet

Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, Germany Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany

Dietmar Zinner

Department of Primate Cognition, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Dietmar Zinner

Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany

Dietmar Zinner

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Christian Roos

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