Laws require chemicals to be safety tested to authorise their manufacture or importing (e.g., UK- and EU-REACH), with most current regulations relying heavily on animal testing. Mammalian animal tests are typically slow and expensive; estimations vary, but mandatory testing of new chemicals in the US can cost up to $3,000,000, with tens of thousands of new chemicals being brought to market each year. Such testing also frequently provides only limited insights into toxicity, such as death of an animal after short-term high-exposure and cannot provide insight into more nuanced toxicological effects.