Overexerting yourself can sometimes lead to a sore muscle or minor strain. But in more serious cases, it can cause a hernia, a condition that might require surgery.
Here's what to know about hernias, including the different types, what causes them, how they’re treated, and how to prevent them.
What’s a hernia?
A hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot in the muscle or tissue that’s supposed to hold it in place. Most hernias develop in the abdominal cavity.
Hernias are common and can affect people of all ages. In many cases, hernias are caused by strain or pressure on the body over time, but some can be present from birth.
Types of hernias
The most common hernia is an inguinal hernia, which makes up about three-quarters of all abdominal hernias. This type of hernia happens when part of the intestines pushes through the lower abdominal wall, often into the groin area.
Other types of hernias include:
• Femoral hernias, which are more common in people assigned female at birth. They involve fatty tissue or intestines poking into the groin at thigh level.
• Obturator hernias, which are more rare. They are mostly found in people who have had multiple pregnancies or lost significant weight.
• Umbilical hernias occur when the intestines bulge through the abdominal wall near the belly button. In children, they usually occur when the muscle around the belly button does not close completely after birth and may go away as the abdominal wall muscles get stronger. Causes of them in adults include obesity, pregnancy, and fluid in the abdomen.
• Incisional hernias, which are the result of surgery weakening the abdominal wall or infection stopping a surgical wound from closing.
• Hiatal hernias occur when part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest. These can lead to symptoms of acid reflux.
Causes and risk factors
Hernias can result from a combination of muscle weakness and strain. Some people are born with weak muscles, while others develop the weakness over time.
Hernias may be caused by:
• Heavy lifting or intense physical activity• Straining during bowel movement• Persistent coughing• Pregnancy or weight gain that puts pressure on the abdomen
Risk factors that increase your chances of developing a hernia include smoking, chronic constipation, obesity, aging, and a history of abdominal or pelvic surgeries.
Symptoms
Most hernias first present themselves as a small bulge in the lower abdomen. It may only be noticeable when you put stress on the area, which may also cause pain.
Hiatal hernias may not cause a visible bulge, but can trigger heartburn, chest pain, nausea, or a sour taste from acid reflux.
In rare but serious cases, the weakness or tear in the muscle or tissue may get big enough that the small intestine gets stuck in it. That’s called strangulation and requires immediate attention. Symptoms include severe pain, vomiting, and the inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement.
Diagnosis
Doctors typically diagnose hernias through a physical exam and may order imaging tests to confirm the type and severity.
Some hernias can be managed with monitoring or nonsurgical options. These include wearing a support belt, preventing constipation by making dietary changes, avoiding large meals, and performing targeted exercises to strengthen surrounding muscles.
However, the only permanent fix is surgery. Many hernias can be repaired using minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques. In more severe cases, open surgery may be necessary.
How to prevent a hernia
Not all hernias are preventable, but there are many steps you can take to lower your risk. They include:
• Maintaining a healthy weight• Avoiding smoking• Exercising regularly tobuild core strength
• Usingproper lifting techniquesby bending at the knees and lifting with your legs, not your back• Treating constipation early and avoiding straining in the bathroom• Talking to your doctor if you frequently strain to urinate• Seeing a doctor if a chronic cough persists
The main takeaway
Hernias are most often the result of a strain or weakened muscles. While they may be common, hernias shouldn’t be ignored. Some are minor and manageable, but others can lead to serious complications if left untreated. If you notice a bulge or feel discomfort in your abdomen or groin, talk to your doctor.