The in-form left-back is one game from the finals after his first goal for his country saw them past Romania 1-0.
They will visit Kosovo in the play-offs’ final round on Tuesday.
Yasin Ayari and Diego Coppola can also continue to target a spot in North America in the summer.
But the dream died in cruel fashion for Andrew Crofts and Wales.
Andrew Crofts watches as referee Istvan Kovacs speaks to Bosnia and Herzegovina manager Sergej Barbarez (Image: David Davies/PA Wire)
And Evan Ferguson will not have a World Cup incentive as he recovers from ankle surgery.
Kadioglu has been impressing with the Seagulls and he took that form into a tense night in Istanbul.
His goal came after a slick combination with Arda Guler.
Turkey boss Vincenzo Montella, the former Italy striker, said: "I congratulate Arda and Ferdi, we scored a beautiful goal.”
Yasin Ayari battles with Ukraine's Georgiy Sudakov (Image: AP Photo/Alberto Saiz)
Ayari started in midfield as Sweden enjoyed their first win under the guidance of Graham Potter.
Their 3-1 victory over Ukraine in Valencia sets up a qualifying final at home to Poland.
Former Albion striker Viktor Gyokeres was the hero for Sweden with a hat-trick.
Ex-Seagulls midfielder Jakub Moder went on late for Poland in their 2-1 home win over Albania.
Wales, for whom Crofts is assistant to boss Craig Bellamy, were 1-0 up at home to Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Ireland led 2-0 away to Czech Republic.
But both ended up drawing before going out in shoot-outs.